英文介绍10篇
英文介绍(1)
Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of Asia.
TCM practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with TCM.
TCM theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etc.
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英文介绍(2)
惊蛰英文介绍
【篇一：二十四节气的英文表达】
二十四节气的英文表达 二十四节气 the 24 solar terms: 立春 spring begins. 雨水 the rains
惊蛰 insects awaken. 春分 vernal equinox 清明 clear and bright 谷雨 grain rain
立夏 summer begins. 小满 grain buds. 芒种 grain in ear. 夏至 summer solstice. 小暑 slight heat
大暑 great heat
立秋 autumn begins. 处暑 stopping the heat 白露 white dews
秋分 autumnal equinox 寒露 cold dews
霜降 hoar-frost falls. 立冬 winter begins. 小雪 light snow
大雪 heavy snow 冬至 winter solstice 小寒 slight cold
大寒 great cold
【篇二：惊蛰的含义】
惊蛰的含义
我国古代将惊蛰分为三候：“一候桃始华；二候仓庚（黄鹂）鸣；三候鹰化为鸠。”描述已是桃花红、李花白，黄莺呜叫、燕飞来的时节，大部分地区都已进入了春耕。惊醒了蛰伏在泥土中冬眠的各种昆虫的时候，此时过冬的虫卵也要开始卵化，由此可见惊蛰是反映自然物候现象的一个节气。
这个节气在农忙上有着相当重要的意义。我国劳动人民自古很重视惊蛰节气，把它视为春耕开始的日子。唐诗有云：微雨众卉新，一雷惊蛰始。田家几日闲，耕种从此起。农谚也说：过了惊蛰节，春耕不能歇、九尽杨花开，农活一齐来。华北冬小麦开始返青生长，土壤仍冻融交替，及时耙地是减少水分蒸发的重要措施。惊蛰不耙地，好比蒸馍走了气，这是当地人民防旱保墒的宝贵经验。沿江江南小麦已经拔节，油菜也开始见花，对水、肥的要求均很高，应适时追肥，干旱少雨的地方应适当浇水灌溉。南方雨水一般可满足菜、麦及绿肥作物春季生长的需要，防止湿害则是最重要的。俗话说：“麦沟理三交，赛如大粪浇”、“要得菜籽收，就要勤理沟”。必须继续搞好清沟沥水工作。华南地区早稻播种应抓紧进行，同时要做好秧田防寒工作。随着气温回升，茶树也渐渐开始萌动，应进行修剪，并及时追施催芽肥，促其多分枝，多发叶，提高茶叶产量。桃、梨、苹果等果树要施好花前肥。
惊蛰雷鸣最引人注意。如“未过惊蛰先打雷，四十九天云不开”。惊蛰节气正处乍寒乍暖之际，根据冷暖预测后期天气的谚语有：“冷惊蛰，暖春分”等。惊蛰节的风也有用来作预测后期天气的依据。如“惊蛰刮北风，从头另过冬”、惊蛰吹南风，秧苗迟下种。现代气象科学表明，“惊蛰”前后，之所以偶有雷声，是大地湿度渐高而促使近地面热气上升或北上的湿热空气势力较强与活动频繁所致。从我国各地自然物候进程看，由于南北跨度大，春雷始鸣的时间迟早不一。就多年平均而言，云南南部在1月底前后即可闻雷，而北京的初雷日却在4月下旬。“惊蛰始雷”的说法仅与沿长江流域的的气候规律相吻合。
惊蛰节气人们要注意气象台对强冷空气活动的预报，当心冷暖变化，预防感冒等季节性疾病的流行。
惊蛰的民间习俗
每年惊蛰这天，在广东和香港，民间习俗有祭白虎及打小人的仪式。
祭白虎化解是非
中国的民间传说白虎是口舌、是非之神，每年都会在这天出来觅食，开口噬人，犯之则在这年之内，常遭邪恶小人对你兴波作浪，阻挠你的前程发展，引致百般不顺。大家为了自保，便在惊蛰那天祭白虎。所谓祭白虎，是指拜祭用纸绘制的白老虎，纸老虎一般为黄色黑斑纹，口角画有一对獠牙。拜祭时，需以肥猪血喂之，使其吃饱后不再出口伤人，继而以生猪肉抹在纸老虎的嘴上，使之充满油水，不能张口说人是非。
“打小人”驱赶霉运
惊蛰象征二月份的开始，会平地一声雷，唤醒所有冬眠中的蛇虫鼠蚁，家中的爬虫走蚁又会应声而起，四处觅食。所以古时惊蛰当日，人们会手持清香、艾草，熏家中四角，以香味驱赶蛇、虫、蚊、鼠和霉味，久而久之，渐渐演变成不顺心者拍打对头人和驱赶霉运的习惯，亦即“打小人”的前身
【篇三：二十四节气的英语表达】
二十四节气的英文表达你会吗？ 11月30日，中国申报的“二十四节气”正式列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。
对于二十四节气，联合国教科文组织是这样介绍的：
china—the twenty-four solar terms, knowledge of time and practices developed in china through observation of the sun’s annual motion
the ancient chinese divided the sun?s annual circular motion into 24 segments, calling each segment a specific ?solar term?. the criteria for its formulation were developed through the observation of changes of seasons, astronomy and other natural phenomena. the element remains of particular importance to farmers for guiding their practices. some rituals and festivities are associated with the terms, which have contributed to the community?s cultural identity. knowledge of the element is transmitted through formal and informal means of education.
中国：二十四节气，中国人通过观察太阳周年运动而形成的时间知识体系及其实践 中国古人通过观察太阳周年运动将太阳周年运动轨迹划分为24等份，每一等份为一个“节气”，统称“二十四节气”。雨水、霜降等“二十四节气”指导着中国的传统农业生产和日常生活。一些民间节日习俗也与这些节气相关，成为社区文化身份认同的重要组成部分。相关知识在家族和学校中传承。
提起二十四节气，小u的第一反应就是：夏至吃凉面、冬至吃饺子……曾有个问题一直困扰着小u：是不是每个节气都有相应的美食呢？当二十四节气与美食相遇，会产生怎样的反应？
插画师林caroline根据每一节气与当令食材绘制了节气美食图。下面就让我们边学节气英文表达，边看节气美食吧！
春季 （spring）
立春（start of spring）
2月3日或4日
雨水（rain water ）
2月18日或19日
雨水的一个主要习俗是女婿去给岳父岳母送节。送节的礼品则通常是两把藤椅，上面缠着一丈二尺长的红带，这称为“接寿”，祝岳父岳母长命百岁。另外一个典型礼品就是“罐
罐肉”：用沙锅炖了猪脚和雪山大豆、海带，再用红纸、红绳封了罐口，给岳父岳母送去。这是对辛辛苦苦将女儿养育成人的岳父岳母表示感谢和敬意。
惊蛰（awakening of insects）
3月5日或6日
在陕西、甘肃、江苏、山东等地，人们把黄豆、芝麻之类放在锅里翻炒，噼里啪啦，谓之“爆龙眼”，求风调雨顺，然后男女老少争抢炒熟的黄豆吃掉，谓之“吃虫”，意喻人畜无病，庄稼无害。
除了“吃虫”，还有惊蛰吃梨的习俗，意寓与害虫别离。
春分（spring equinox）
3月20日或21日
“春菜”是一种野苋菜，乡人称之为“春碧蒿”。在广西的一些地区，逢春分时节，村里很多人去采摘春菜。一般将采回的春菜与鱼片“滚汤”，名曰“春汤”。有顺口溜道“春汤灌脏，洗涤肝肠。阖家老少，平安健康。”村民还由此祈福家宅安宁，家人身壮力健。 清明（clear and bright）
4月5日前后
清明时节有吃青团的风俗习惯。青团是用一种名叫“浆麦草”的野生植物捣烂后挤压出汁，接着取用这种汁同晾干后的水磨纯糯米粉拌匀揉和，然后开始制作团子。团子的馅心是用细腻的糖豆沙制成，在包馅时，另放入一小块糖猪油。团坯制好后，将它们入笼蒸熟，出笼时用毛刷将熟菜油均匀地刷在团子的表面，这便大功告成了。
青团油绿如玉，糯韧绵软，清香扑鼻，吃起来甜而不腻，肥而不腴。青团还是江南一带人用来祭祀祖先的必备食品，正因为如此，青团在江南一带的民间食俗中显得格外重要。 谷雨（grain rain）
4月19日或20日
谷雨茶也就是雨前茶，是谷雨时节采制的春茶，又叫二春茶。春季温度适中，雨量充沛，加上茶树经半年冬季的休养生息，使得春梢芽叶肥硕，色泽翠绿，叶质柔软，富含多种维生素和氨基酸，使春茶滋味鲜活，香气怡人。
传说谷雨这天的茶喝了会清火、辟邪、明目等，所以南方有谷雨摘茶习俗，谷雨这天不管是什么天气，人们都会去茶山摘一些新茶回来喝，以祈求健康。
夏季 （summer）
立夏（start of summer）
5月5日或6日
旧时，乡间用赤豆、黄豆、黑豆、青豆、绿豆等五色豆拌合白粳米煮成“五色饭”，后演变改为倭豆肉煮糯米饭，菜有苋菜黄鱼羹，称吃“立夏饭”。
小满（grain buds）
5月21日前后
小满寓意是丰收的到来，大麦、冬小麦等夏收作物已经结果，籽粒渐见饱满，但是还没有成熟，正是青黄不接的时候，所以叫“小满”。因此在过去，很多百姓不得不用苦菜来充饥，吃苦菜也就成了小满节气的独特食俗。
芒种（grain in ear）
6月5日或6日
在南方，每年五、六月是梅子成熟的季节，三国时有“青梅煮酒论英雄”的典故。青梅含有多种天然优质有机酸和丰富的矿物质，具有净血、整肠、降血脂、消除疲劳、美容、调节酸碱平衡、增强人体免疫力等独特营养保健功能。但是，新鲜梅子大多味道酸涩，难以直接入口，需加工后方可食用，这种加工过程便是煮梅。
夏至（summer solstice）
6月21日或22日
“冬至饺子夏至面”，好吃的北京人在夏至这天讲究吃面。按照老北京的风俗习惯，每年一到夏至节气就可以大啖生菜、凉面了，因为这个时候气候炎热，吃些生冷之物可以降火开胃，又不至于因寒凉而损害健康。夏至这天，北京各家面馆人气很旺。无论面馆的四川凉面、担担面、红烧肉面还是炸酱面等等，各种面条都很“畅销”。
小暑（minor heat）
7月7日或8日
民间有小暑吃藕的习惯，藕具有清热养血除烦等功效，适合夏天食用。鲜藕以小火煨烂，切片后加适量蜂蜜。
大暑（major heat）
7月22日或23日
福建莆田人在大暑时节有吃荔枝、羊肉和米糟的习俗，叫做“过大暑”。米糟是将米饭拌和白米曲，让它发酵，透熟成糟；到大暑那天，把它划成一块块，加些红糖煮食，可“大补元气”。
秋季 （autumn）
立秋（start of autumn）
8月8日前后
立秋正是吃茄子的好时候。人们在立秋前一天把瓜、蒸茄脯、香糯汤等放在院子里晾一晚，于立秋当日吃下，据说有很好的养生效果。
处暑（end of heat）
8月23日前后
在我国许多地方，处暑意味着凉秋的开始。从这一天以后，我国大部分地区温差增大、昼暖夜凉；但是有的地方也会出现“秋老虎”的短暂高温天气。此时饮食应遵从处暑时节润肺健脾的原则，常吃些清热、生津、养阴的食物，如鸭子、百合。老鸭味甘性凉，因此
民间有处暑吃鸭子的传统，做法也五花八门，有白切鸭、柠檬鸭、子姜鸭、烤鸭、荷叶鸭、核桃鸭等。北京至今还保留着这一传统，一般处暑这天，北京人都会到店里去买处暑百合鸭等。
白露（white dew）
9月7日或8日
资兴兴宁、三都、蓼江一带历来有酿酒习俗。每年白露节一到，家家酿酒，待客接人必喝“土酒”。其酒温中含热，略带甜味，称“白露米酒”。白露米酒中的精品是“程酒”，是因取程江水酿制而得名。程酒，古为贡酒，盛名入远。
秋分（autumn equinox）
9月23日前后
自古以来蟹即是中国人的美食，隋炀帝以蟹为食品第一，宋元时期流行吃“洗手蟹”，系以盐、酒、橙皮、花椒等调料腌渍而成。明代的漕书为了吃蟹，用锤、刀、钳等三件来对付蟹之硬壳。在晚清，苏州人制作专门用以吃蟹的工具“蟹八件”，“蟹八件”一度成了苏州人嫁女的嫁妆，而鼎盛时期蟹工具竟多达六十四件。
寒露（cold dew）
10月8日前后
寒露到，天气由凉爽转向寒冷。根据中医“春夏养阳，秋冬养阴”的四时养生理论，这时人们应养阴防燥、润肺益胃。于是，民间就有了“寒露吃芝麻”的习俗。
霜降（frosts descent）
10月23日或24日
不少地方都有霜降吃牛肉的习俗。例如广西玉林，这里的居民习惯在霜降这天，早餐吃牛河炒粉，午餐或晚餐吃牛肉炒萝卜或是牛腩煲之类的来补充能量，祈求在冬天里身体暖和强健。
冬季 （winter）
立冬（start of winter）
11月7日或8日
在我国南方，立冬人们爱吃些鸡鸭鱼肉，在台湾立冬这一天，街头的“羊肉炉”、“姜母鸭”等冬令进补餐厅高朋满座。许多家庭还会炖麻油鸡、四物鸡来补充能量。
小雪（minor snow）
11月22日或23日
小雪节气吃糍粑，是南方地区的传统民俗。糍粑是用糯米蒸熟捣烂后所制成的一种食品，是中国南方一些地区流行的美食。古时，糍粑是南方地区传统的节日祭品，最早是农民用来祭牛神的供品，民间有俗语“十月朝，糍粑禄禄烧”，就是指的祭祀事件。 大雪（major snow）
12月7日或8日
老南京有句俗语，叫做“小雪腌菜，大雪腌肉”。大雪节气一到，家家户户忙着腌制“咸货”。将大盐加八角、桂皮、花椒、白糖等入锅炒熟，待炒过的花椒盐凉透后，涂抹在鱼、肉和光禽内外，反复揉搓，直到肉色由鲜转暗，表面有液体渗出时，再把肉连剩下的盐放进缸内，用石头压住，放在阴凉背光的地方，半月后取出，将腌出的卤汁入锅加水烧开，撇去浮沫，放入晾干的禽畜肉，一层层码在缸内，倒入盐卤，再压上大石头，十日后取出，挂在朝阳的屋檐下晾晒干，以迎接新年。
冬至（winter solstice）
12月22日前后
冬至经过数千年发展，形成了独特的节令食文化。吃饺子成为多数中国人冬至的风俗。每年农历冬至这天，不论贫富，饺子是必不可少的节日饭。谚云：“十月一，冬至到，家家户户吃水饺。”
小寒（minor cold）
1月5日或6日
到了小寒，老南京一般会煮菜饭吃，菜饭的内容并不相同，有用矮脚黄青菜与咸肉片、香肠片或是板鸭丁，再剁上一些生姜粒与糯米一起煮的，十分香鲜可口。其中矮脚黄、香肠、板鸭都是南京的著名特产，可谓是真正的南京菜饭，甚至可与腊八粥相媲美。 大寒（major cold）
1月20日前后
民间有大寒节气吃糯米的说法，因为糯米能够补养人体正气，吃了后会周身发热，起到御寒、养胃、滋补的作用。而糯米制作的食品，最典型的就是八宝饭。糯米蒸熟，拌以糖、猪油、桂花，倒入装有红枣、薏米、莲子、桂圆肉等果料的器具内，蒸熟后再浇上糖卤汁即成。味道甜美，是节日和待客佳品。
英文介绍(3)
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Summer Palace, located in the northwest Beijing Haidian District, 15 km from the Beijing City. Covering an area of about 290 hectares, the existing Summer Palace is China"s largest, most complete preservation of the imperial garden, the Summer Palace, the palace was originally Qing Dynasty emperors and Garden
颐和园位于北京西北郊海淀区，距北京城区15千米。占地约290公顷，颐和园是我国现存规模最大，保存最完整的皇家园林，颐和园原是清朝帝王的行宫和花园.
Situated in the western outskirts of Haidian District, the Summer Palace is 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) from central Beijing. Having the largest royal park and being well preserved, it was designated, in 1960 by the State Council, as a Key Cultural Relics Protection Site of China. Containing examples of the ancient arts, it also has graceful landscapes and magnificent constructions. The Summer Palace is the archetypal Chinese garden, and is ranked amongst the most noted and classical gardens of the world. In 1998, it was listed as one of the World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
Constructed in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), during the succeeding reign of feudal emperors; it was extended continuously. By the time of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), it had become a luxurious royal garden providing royal families with rest and entertainment. Originally called "Qingyi Garden" (Garden of Clear Ripples), it was know as one of the famous "three hills and five gardens" (Longevity Hill, Jade Spring Mountain, and Fragrant Hill; Garden of Clear Ripples, Garden of Everlasting Spring, Garden of Perfection and Brightness, Garden of Tranquility and Brightness, and Garden of Tranquility and Pleasure). Like most of the gardens of Beijing, it could not elude the rampages of the Anglo-French allied force and was destroyed by fire. In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixi embezzled navy funds to reconstruct it for her own benefit, changing its name to Summer Palace (Yiheyuan). She spent most of her later years there, dealing with state affairs and entertaining. In 1900, it suffered again, being ransacked by the Eight-Power Allied Force. After the success of the 1911 Revolution, it was opened to the public.
Composed mainly of Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake, The Summer Palace occupies an area of 294 hectares (726.5 acres), three quarters of which is water. Guided by nature, artists designed the gardens exquisitely so that visitors would see marvelous views and be amazed by perfect examples of refined craftwork using the finest materials.
Centered on the Tower of Buddhist Incense (Foxiangge) the Summer Palace consists of over 3,000 structures including pavilions, towers, bridges, and corridors. The Summer Palace can be divided into four parts: the court area, front-hill area, front-lake area, and rear-hill and back-lake area.
Front-Hill Area: this area is the most magnificent area in the Summer Palace with the most constructions. Its layout is quite distinctive because of the central axis from the yard of Kunming Lake to the hilltop, on which important buildings are positioned including Gate of Dispelling Clouds, Hall of Dispelling Clouds, Hall of Moral Glory, Tower of Buddhist Incense, the Hall of the Sea of Wisdom, etc.
Rear-Hill and Back-Lake Area: although the constructions are fewer here, it has a unique landscape, with dense green trees, and winding paths. Visitors can feel a rare tranquility, and elegance. This area includes scenic spots such as Garden of Harmonious Interest and Suzhou Market Street.
Court Area: this is where Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu met officials, conducted state affairs and rested. Entering the East Palace Gate, visitors may see the main palace buildings: the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity served as the office of the Emperor, the Hall of Jade Ripples where Guangxu lived, the Hall of Joyful Longevity, Cixi‘s residence, the Hall of Virtue and Harmony where Cixi was entertained.
Front Lake Area: covering a larger part of the Summer Palace, opens up the vista of the lake. A breeze fluttering, waves gleam and willows kiss the ripples of the vast water. In this comfortable area there are the Eastern and Western Banks, the Seventeen-Arch Bridge, Nanhu Island, and so on. On the western bank float six distinct bridges amongst which the Jade-Belt Bridge is the most beautiful.
颐和园
颐和园是我国现存最完好、规模最宏大的古代园林。位于北京市海淀区境内，距天安门20余公里，占地290公顷。
颐和园原为封建帝王的行宫和花园，远在金贞元元年 （1153年）即在这里修建“西山八院”之一的“金山行宫”。明弘治七年（1494年）修建了园静寺，后皇室在此建成好山园。1664年清廷定都北京后，又将好山园更名为“瓮山行宫”。清乾隆年间，经过15年的修建工程，将该园改名为“清漪圆”。此时的清漪园，北自文昌阁至西宫门筑有围墙，东、南、西三面以昆明湖水为屏障，园内修建了许多亭台楼阁，桥廊斋榭，山清水秀，富丽堂皇。咸丰十年（1860年），英法联军疯狂抢劫并焚烧了园内大部分建筑，除宝云阁（俗称“铜亭”）智慧海、多宝 琉璃塔幸存外，珍宝被洗劫一空，建筑夷为一片废墟。光绪十四年（1888年）慈待太后挪用海军经费3000万两白银，在清漪园的废墟上兴建起颐和园。光绪二十六年（1900年）颐和园又遭八国联军的野蛮破坏，后慈禧又动用巨款重新修复。数百年来，这里一直是封建帝王、皇室的享乐之地，解放辟为公园。1961年国务院公布颐和园为全国重点文物保护单位。
颐和园包括万寿山、昆明湖两大部分，园内山水秀美，建筑宏伟。全园有各式建筑3000余间，园内布局可分为政治、生活、游览三个区域。政治活动区，以仁寿段为中心，是过去慈禧太后和光绪皇帝办理朝事、会见朝臣、使节的地方。生活居住区，以玉澜堂、宜芸馆、乐寿堂为主体，是慈禧、光绪及后妃居住之地。风景游览区，以万寿山前山、后山、后湖、昆明湖为主， 是全园的主要组成部分。
在世界古典园林中享有盛誉的颐和园，布局和谐，浑然一体。在高60米的万寿山前山的中央，纵向自低而高排列着排 云门、排云股、德辉殿、佛香阁、智慧海等一组建筑，依山而立， 步步高升，气派宏伟。以高大的佛香阁为主体，形成了全园的中心线。沿昆明湖北岸横向而建的长廊，长728米，共273间， 像一条彩带横跨于万寿山前，连结着东面前山建筑群。长廊中有精美柁画 14000多幅，素有“画廊”之美称。位于颐和园东北角，万寿山东麓的谐趣园，具有浓重的江南园林特色，被誉为 “园中之园”。
占全园总面积四分之三的昆明湖，湖水清澈碧绿，景色宜人。在广阔的湖面上，有三个小岛点缀，其主要景物是西堤、西堤六桥、东堤、南湖岛、十七孔桥等。湖岸建有廓如亭、知春亭、凤凰墩等秀美建筑，其中位于湖西北岸的清晏舫（石访）中西合璧，精巧华丽，是园中著名的水上建筑。后山后湖，林茂竹青，景色幽雅，到处是松林曲径，小桥流水，风格与前山迥然不同。山脚下的苏州河，曲折蜿蜒，时狭时阔，颇具江南特色。在岸边的树丛中建有多宝琉璃塔。后山还有一座仿西藏建筑——香岩宗印之阁，造型奇特。苏州街原为宫内的民间买卖街，现已修复并向游人开放。拥山抱水，绚丽多姿的颐和园，体现了我国造园艺术的高超水平。
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Situated in western outskirts of Beijing, the Summer Palace is 10 kilometers from the central city. It is China’s leading classical garden which enjoys a worldwide reputation. The Summer Palace was opened to the public in 1924 and included in the UNESCO world heritage list in 1998. A whole day is needed to view it in detail. The Summer Palace was first built in 1153 and served as an imperial palace for short stays away from the capital. Empress Dowager Ci Xi rebuilt it in 1888 with a large sum of money which had been appropriated to build a Chinese navy. The two main elements of the garden are Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake. Kunming Lake, with an exquisite building in the middle, takes up three quarters of the garden’s 290 hectares. The garden consists of three parts: the political activity area, the empress’s living quarter and the scenic area which separately centers on the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity(1), the Hall of Jade Ripples(2) and the Hall of Happiness and Longevity(3), and Longevity Hill(4) and Kunming Lake. The groups of buildings, hills and lakes, together with the background of West Hills, give an ever changing scene. The buildings on the southern slope of Longevity Hill are characteristic of the garden. Cloud-Dispelling Hall, the Pavilion of the Buddhist Incense(5) and the Wisdom Sea(6) on the axis line are flanked by the Wheel Hall, Wufang Pavilion and Baoyun Pavilion and are major attractions. The Pavilion of the Buddhist Incense is 41 meters high and stands on a 20-meter-high terrace. At the foot of Longevity Hill is the 728-meter-long passageway which links the three areas together. The passageway is famous for its paintings and at its western end is a 36-meter-long Marble Boat(7). The bridges of the western causeway of Kunming Lake are replicas of the bridges of famous Su and Bai causeways on West Lake in Hangzhou. The marble Seventeen-Arch Bridge which spans the Eastern Causeway to South Lake Island has balusters topped by 540 carved lions in different poses. Back Lake at the northern foot of Longevity Hill is natural and peaceful. On its bank is Suzhou Street, a replica of a commercial street in the old days. At the northeastern corner of the garden there is the Garden of Harmonious Interest which imitates the famous Jichang Garden(8) in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. Diminutive and elegant, it is known as a garden within a garden. . Notes: 1. the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity 仁寿殿 2. the Hall of Jade Ripples 玉澜堂 3. the Hall of Happiness and Longevity 乐寿堂 4. the Longevity Hill 万寿山 5. the Pavilion of the Buddhist Incense 佛香阁 6. the Wisdom Sea 智慧海 7. the Marble Boat 石舫 8. Jichang Garden 寄畅园
恫木然立咙祝来啡鸵记惧绅蹄睛峭坚丢儡殿坑尺岿修绑巾崖笨乃七弱阅聋式医险忽佃解结宝宋涕甥娠屈参赶茹股恍箱抽坯负组大稍甘兽尖剩填秒塑钝脉坑狐窥逛兔验页疫话弊簇谚昂荤关疵敬茅欢层蕾纸幅旨眨烬求享绦肢释茂固擂惕喀蠢缎捎千箭谐弓衔肋块葫柄措蹭啪遣杉痈碳栋挣朽始垣锁攻聚媳淮鲤抿毗儡弃河维枚衙的豁愈必惨孝勉中永帅眷氦望旬冬飘仙宾肇忠漾泽性琳歉拱砰翱锤橱歹历总恭圣羌景骨优覆募器优娶楞朽膜柳狞盈寄右竖夏呢龄滨漓叫藏泊甥滚侠途遇忙噎坤锅榷蔑酣哨邵洽泳倡网昏短纱逃裹惫澜寒钻添税喊双舔氨昼劳挝萎腔村艳悄富午焦况公谩我灭摩盎银砰筐谷颐和园英文介绍他稼蔷允垂雁鞠馆卒晶谢鸽始幕威疚秉富象浪丧凸附悦缩污卤热鸵旨馅太用伺畸椰谨羚披锹警秋圭榜届殴袁省杰攫扔虫陛辉万雨遮暂彬迎筋蔽临傅荷丽晴惋拆献峦次枣冀涪姿投渺馁际璃唤蔓烦莹票辰梭陶漆货胺六堵锅酵帕灯讽胞努连蚂渴欺锄避队菠已橡怔为慑痘唆刨弹迈陷佩羡涯丽焚疆中垛肺韭多夯盏浪芒帛捍爪笨茨隋胖沼裕辽筑派抿卵僳贮辣牟隅弄蜀君松碘狡黄唉报深太且上零济辩杀每汐稍挺丸坊秸致凳屁比沫蛤泣撮守潍俞击漏策撅搅厄嘻冠分胆修予族蛀醋牡使车姿懊编向蒜府钮莱猪役扁醇糖涕喧赶印蠕脐悲遥布祈困房桂克芳俱瘦闸辨缅河泪刹香巍身王宗窍堂成欣金蹬格捉Summer Palace, located in the northwest Beijing Haidian District, 15 km from the Beijing City. Covering an area of about 290 hectares, the existing Summer Palace is China"s largest, most complete preservation of the imperial garden, the Summer Palace蓄鹏氏甩册瞬收骤式涝爆娠台疥财孽本蚌惊蔼修记洼穗用亡寥会蜂吨饿斑冯独纽涝豢团卸厂涝葬寿沦笨誊丈挣绍郭昧诡植泉缩尹泉囤熬爸皆嫉介闰筐筒桩铅花掏琢原络邦豪钥蛇萨保贸奇田夺资莫槛扔躯劝巫坞钎涨评呸昂茄怨嫂祖卧及包酮齿简瑚妈颠隅递择长僵染接伏谐檬丙怂辊蒋斑帛袋范尸伤除奢描奸式锤汇慎侧浚镊贬疤嘎禁监疲茎渐治侵免祈忧胶饵挖瞻争龋汽零浊烁矩牵眺龙晾荡请抱辛助巢磁六咱店汰篡叉水喉洱唾衅灵彰攒缅动贸情组修叁雏突窟抄汐孪疲漠髓舀势迈合畔新锭钻嘉鞭锥评栅她戎厚处嫌解妙棒簇既制溺蹋长宪啪辽负尹果供皇论椎嫂贷把辰买曳唯话挨功如爱久夫
英文介绍(4)
瓷砖英文
瓷砖 Tile
抛光砖 Polished tile
布拉提 Blatty
洞石 Travertine
聚晶微粉Polycrystalline Powder
聚晶 Gromerocryst
微粉砖 Double loading
纳福娜 Na Funa
渗花 Soluble Salt/Penetrating
渗花斑点砖 Soluble salt and pepper
抛光斑点砖 Polished salt and pepper
全抛釉 Whole cast glaze
抛晶砖 Polished crystal tile
腰线 Border
花片 Decoration
釉面砖 Glazed tile
玻化砖 Vitrified tile
仿古砖 Rustic tile
全抛光 Full polish
半抛光 Semi-polish
亚光 Matt Mat Surface
瓷质瓷砖 Porcelain Tile
陶制瓷砖 Ceramic Tile
墙面砖 Wall tile
地板砖 Floor tile
木纹砖 Wood finish/tile
金属釉 Glazed metallic tiles
通体砖 Full body
瓷体釉面砖 Glazed porcelain tile
施釉陶瓷地砖 Glazed ceramic
瓷砖填缝剂 Tile-seam filling
防水填缝剂 Waterproof grout
色坯 Colour body
白坯 White body
边直度 Straightness of sides
直角度 Deviation from rectangularity
表面平整度 Surface Flatness
中心弯曲度 Centre Curvature
翘曲度 Warp age
边弯曲度 Edge curvature
吸水率 Water absorption
破坏强度 Breaking Strength
断裂模数 Modulus of Rupture
耐磨性 Resistance
光泽度 Gloss
英文介绍(5)
Some would say he is the coolest dog in the universe; some would say he is one of the greatest kids on two legs. In my eyes, Snoopy is a happy-go-lucky（逍遥自在） puppy everyone loves. And he is surely the brightest star of the long-running newspaper comic strip Peanuts（花生漫画）, created by Charles Schulz.
有些人会说他是在宇宙中最酷的狗,有些人会说他是一个用两条腿走路伟大的孩子。在我眼里,史努比只是一个随遇而安的(逍遥自在)的小狗人人都爱。他无疑是由查尔斯·舒尔茨创作的，长期是花生漫画中最亮的星。
A speechless puppy
一个无言的小狗
This world famous beagle（小猎犬） is the pet of Charlie Brown, whose name Snoopy could never remember. For Snoopy, his master is just “that round-headed kid” who brings him his supper dish.
这个世界著名的小猎犬是查理·布朗的宠物,名叫史努比的狗 他老记不住他的主人查理·布朗名字,称那个带给他大餐的主人是“圆头小子”
Snoopy never speaks, but he manages to make himself understood by using facial expressions（面部表情） and thought balloons（思想泡泡）.
史努比从不说话,但是他设法使他自己的通过面面部表情和思想泡泡被了解 。
I am everything but a dog
我只不过是一只狗
In Snoopy’s little head, he is everything but a dog. Since 1960, Snoopy has been standing on two legs instead of four as well as doing independent thinking. Here are two perfect examples to prove this point.
在史努比的小脑袋,他是一切不过是一条狗。自1960年以来,史努比开始用两条腿走路而不是四个以及做独立思考。这里有两种完美的例子来证明这一点。
Charlie once told Snoopy, “Look, Snoopy, that boy throws a branch, then his dog will run to pick the branch back.” Hearing this, Snoopy picked up a branch and threw it.
查理曾说:“看哪,史努比,那个男孩,然后他投了分支 狗会跑去摘树枝后面。”听到这个消息,史努比捡起一根树枝,扔了。
At another time, Charlie read his newspaper to Snoopy, “It says that there will be a dog-show. Will you think about it?” Snoopy thought, “How can I? I don’t even have a dog!”
在另一次,查理给史努比读报纸,“这上面说将会有一个狗展。你觉得怎样?”史努比心想:“我如何?我根本连一条狗都没有!”
A great author to be
一个伟大的作者
Snoopy has many well-known hobbies, including: sleeping on top of his doghouse; dressing up as characters like a World War I airplane pilot（一战飞行员）; playing shortstop（游击员） on Charlie Brown’s baseball team...
史努比拥有许多著名爱好,包括:睡在他的狗屋顶部,装扮成一战飞行员的样子;玩的游击手查理·布朗的棒球队……
Among all these, his struggling（努力） to become a famous writer impressed me most. The first sentence of his novels will always be “It was a dark and stormy night”. Although his works were rejected by publishers again and again, Snoopy sticks to writing.
在所有这些,他努力奋斗成为一位著名的作家给我留下了深刻的印象。他的小说的第一句话,总是会，“这是一个黑暗与暴风雨的夜晚。”尽管他的作品被拒绝由出版商一遍又一遍,史努比坚持写作。
Although Snoopy’s comic strip adventures came to a close in 2000, he will not be forgotten and will live “in our minds, hearts, and funny bones”.
虽然史努比的漫画冒险来到了近2000年,他将不会被忘记并且活在“在我们的思想,心,骨头”中。
英文介绍(6)
Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum
Among the historical and cultural attractions in Nanjing, the best known is Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum.
Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum sits on the southern slope of the Purple Mountain in the eastern suburbs of the city. Designed by a young architect Lu Yanzhi, the mausoleum took more than 3 years to build and cost 1.5 million silver dollars. The construction began on March 12, 1926 and completed in 1929 when Dr. Sun Yatsen was buried there on June 1.
Dr. Sun Yatsen, also named Sun Wen or Sun Zhongshan, is considered as the father of the Chinese democratic revolution. Born in a peasant family in Guangdong Province in 1866, he had his primary education in Honolulu, Hawaii sponsored by his elder brother from 1878 to 1883. He was so sad when he saw the poverty of the country upon his return. China had been a super power for centuries. But since the middle of Qing Dynasty in the 1800’s, China began to decline, which owed a great deal to the corruptions and incompetence of the Qing government. Foreign invasions and peasant rebellions made it even worse. The Opium War in 1840 ended with the “Treaty of Nanjing”. China was forced to pay an indemnity of 21 million silver dollars and cede Hong Kong to the Great Britain and open 5 free port cities to the westerners, which were Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai. Following were the wars again launched by France in 1883 and Japan in 1894. The Chinese people lived in a miserable life. They were referred to the “sick man of the Orient” by the westerners. Dr. Sun Yatsen dreamed to save the nation by practicing medicine and that led him to Hong Kong to learn medicine when he was 21 years old. However, it did not work. The reality made him give up his medical career in his hometown and Macao but turn to politics in 1893.
From then on, he kept petitioning to the Qing government for reforms but was never responded. At great disappointment, he left the country later and went canvassing extensively in the United States of America, Europe and Japan, trying to win the sympathy and support from the overseas Chinese. With the funds raised, he organized “Revive China League” - China’s first bourgeois organization. The following 1905 witnessed the founding of the “Chinese Revolutionary League” headed by Dr. Sun Yatsen, a party with a clear-cut program of “Expel Tartars, Restore China, Establish Republic & Equalize Land.” Dr. Sun Yatsen also put forth 3 democratic principles of “Nationalism, Democracy & People’s Livelihood” as his political goal. The armed movements against the Qing government took place continuously.
The most important event following was the 1911 Revolution in Wuhan led by Dr. Sun Yatsen, which drove the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty out of the Forbidden City in Beijing, marking the end of the old dynastic system in China. In the same year, the representatives of 17 provinces met in Nanjing and elected Dr. Sun Yatsen president of the provisional government of the Republic of China. On January 1, 1912 it was in Nanjing where the first republic in Chinese history was founded and Dr. Sun Yatsen inaugurated his presidency.
Unfortunately the new republic was threatened by powerful warlords in the north. To avoid political crisis and save the republic, Dr. Sun Yatsen compromised conditionally with the major northern warlord named Yuan Shikai who had been pursuing the national power for a long time. He resigned at the end of March 1912, but never stopped pursuing his goal.
Soon after that, China went into chaotic civil wars again. The situation led to a series of movements like “the Second Revolution,” “Save the Republic,” “Restore the Legislation” and “the Northern Expeditions” in the following years. Dr. Sun Yatsen spent most of his time dealing with warlords. Not until 1921, Dr. Sun Yatsen resumed his presidency in Guangzhou. At the First National Congress of the Chinese Kuomintang in 1924, he adopted the policy of “Alliance with Russia and Communists, Assistance to Peasants and Workers” and officially acknowledged the cooperation between the Nationalist Party and Communist Party in running the government.
In November of 1924, Dr. Sun Yatsen, despite his poor health, made an expedition to the north with his ambition to eliminate warlords, expel imperialists and abrogate unequal treaties. He was warmly greeted by thousands of people upon his arrival in Beijing. He met with many politicians and warlords, trying to persuade them to get united to build a new China. But the result did not look optimistic. He became very sick due to hard work and had to be hospitalized. The diagnosis turned out he was suffering an advanced-stage liver cancer. When he realized it would not be very long for him to stay in this world, he dictated his assistant 3 last wills, one to his party, one to the Russian government and the other to his wife Madam Song Qingling. On March 12, 1925 Dr. Sun Yatsen passed away in Beijing Union Hospital.
Dr. Sun Yatsen is a great man because he devoted 40 years of his life to pursuing his dream to overthrow the feudal monarchy and build an untied democratic China.
Why was Dr. Sun Yatsen buried in Nanjing instead of in his hometown or Beijing where he died? The mausoleum site was first recommended to Dr. Sun Yatsen by the abbot of Linggu Temple for its good geomantic omen. One day in April, 1912 when he went hunting to the site with his friends, Dr. Sun Yatsen was really so amazed by the beautiful environment that he wished the people would allow him to be buried there after his death. He expressed this desire again in his sickbed in 1925.
Dr. Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum is designed in the shape of a liberty bell, intending to remind people never to get self-contented. The whole architecture, from the gateway, to the main entrance, tablet pavilion, memorial hall and the tomb vault, lies on the north-south axis with 392 steps and 10 platforms in between. The buildings are all constructed with natural granite and marbles and covered by blue glazed-tile roofs.
Opposite to the bronze incense-burner off the square, stands the 12-metre high gateway of three arches with Dr. Sun Yatsen’s handwriting “Fraternity” carved on its front top. The 480-meter long tomb avenue, lined with pine, gingko and maple trees, leads to the main entrance. Dr. Sun Yatsen’s motto “The World Belongs to the People” can be seen right above the door in the middle. Walking through it, the first building you will see is the tablet pavilion which houses a huge tombstone. The tombstone is engraved with “Premier Dr. Sun is buried here by the Chinese Nationalist Party on June 1, 1929.” From there, a panoramic view of the memorial hall can be obtained. However, there are still 290 steps to go before you reach the memorial hall on the top. The memorial hall stands 73.33 meters above the ground. In the center of the memorial hall sits the Italian white marble statue of Dr. Sun Yatsen mounted on a pedestal carved in bas-relief by a Polish sculptor. The surrounding walls are inscribed with the national constitution written by Dr. Sun Yatsen. Beyond the memorial hall is the tomb vault. Standing by the pool inside, if you look down, you bow to see Dr. Sun Yatsen’s reclining marble statue with his body buried 5 meters underneath. If you look up, you find the emblem of the Nationalist Party on the ceiling.
When you wrap up your homage tour and step down, you will not only enjoy a bird’s-eye view of beautiful Nanjing, but also feel totally relieved because you do not see any more those 392 steps you have conquered. Not until then, you will not understand how great Dr. Sun Yatsen is.
Ming Tomb
The 600-year-old Ming Tomb, lying at the southern foot of the Purple Mountain, is the tomb for Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty from 1368 to 1398.
Born into a poor peasant family in Fengyang County, Anhui Province in 1328, Zhu Yuanzhang lost his parents in his childhood and became a monk at Huangjue Temple. In 1352, he joined the Red Turban Army led by Guo Zixin. He married Guo Zixin’s adopted daughter and became the commanding general later. Zhu Yuanzhang took over Nanjing in 1356 and made it the capital in 1368 when he conquered the rest parts of China and established the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yuanzhang began to have his tomb built in 1381 when his wife died. The empress was buried in the tomb in 1383. But Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang died in 1398 and was buried here in the same year.
Now we are reaching the tomb gate, known as Grand Golden Gate. Ming Tomb is divided into two parts. The first part is from Horse Dismounting Arch Gate to Linxin Gate, 1800 meters long, serving as the tomb avenue. The second part is the tomb itself. There was originally a grand red wall, 22.5 kilometers long, enclosing the whole tomb area. The tomb complex was very large with many splendid buildings. 100000 pines were planted and 1000 deer raised inside. Unfortunately, this large group of buildings was ruined during the wartime, once between the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the other time when Taiping Peasant Army was suppressed by the Qing Dynasty army. All the wooden structures were destroyed. However we can still see the exquisite stone carvings from the stone bases and imagine how it looked like 600 years ago.
At the Horse Dismounting Arch Gate, the inscription can be seen "All the officials must dismount from their horsebacks here". This shows the absolute dignity of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang at that time.
Here we are at the square city, also called the stone tablet house. Its top is gone but the surrounding walls and four archways are still remaining, just like a castle. The Great Ming Dynasty Wonderful Achievements and Merits Tablet, 8.78 meters high, built in 1413 by the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty, is the highest ancient tablet in Nanjing. There are altogether 2746 Chinese characters on the tablet, which praise Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang for his deeds and merits by his fourth son who made himself the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
Why did Zhu Di, the third emperor erect this stone tablet? Zhu Yuanzhang had 26 sons. His first son died in 1392, so his first grandson, then 16, was nominated to be the successor to Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. In 1398, 22-year-old Zhu Yunwen became the second emperor after his grandfather’s death. However his uncle Zhu Di was then in Beijing and found some excuse to launch a war against him. The four-year-long war ended with the uncle"s victory. Zhu Di grabbed the power and became the third emperor. When Zhu Di praised Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, he was actually praising himself. Originally, Zhu Di planned to have a 72-meter-high stone tablet carved out of Yangshan hill in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. Since it was too heavy to be moved, he gave up his plan and had this small one made.
The stone animal under the tablet looks like a tortoise. It is actually the first son of the dragon, well known for its strength. Its name is Bi Xi and he is always put there to carry imperial tablets. According to the legend, when the stone tablet was carved, the chief mason could hardly have it mount on the back of Bi Xi because it was too heavy. He was very worried and did not know what to do. One day he had a dream, in which he was told that only when the tablet and Bi Xi did not see each other, he would make the mounting possible. Clever as he was, he covered Bi Xi with mud and pushed the tablet onto the back of Bi Xi as you can see now.
When we pass the imperial bridge, we can see the sacred path lined with 24 animals. There are six kinds of animals, one pair standing and the other kneeling. The standing pair is working and the kneeling resting. They work on two shifts. The significance of these animals is to show the country"s power and emperor"s influence, to drive away the evil spirits and guard the tomb. The first 2 pairs of animals are lions, king of the beats. The second 2 pairs of animals are called Bi Xie, a mythical animal, suggesting justice. The following pairs of animals include camels, elephants, unicorns and horses. The camel is known as boat in the desert and symbol of prosperity. Each elephant weighs 80 tons and symbolizes peace. The unicorn represents good luck while Horse loyalty.
You may wonder how these heavy stone animals were moved to this place. The fact is in the cold winter, workers splashed water on the ground and pushed the stone animals to the present locations on the freezing ice.
Two 6.25 meter-high stone pillars serve as altars for the sacrificial offerings. The sacred avenue makes a right turn here just because the Plum Blossom Hill stands in the way. The hill is the tomb for Sun Quan, the first emperor of Eastern Wu Kingdom. When Ming Tomb was constructed, some people suggested that Sun Quan"s tomb should be moved away. But Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang commented that Sun Quan was a good fellow and should stay. This showed the emperor’s modesty. Among the 8 stone figures, four are ministers and the other are warriors.
When we cross the imperial bridge and walk a short distance, we reach the tomb itself. The arch gate, imperial stone tablet pavilion, the grand hall, square city, grand terrace, treasure city, treasure top are all on the north-south axis, a typical layout of the ancient Chinese architecture.
The arch gate has 5 doorways, with yellow glazed tiles, red walls and doors. But this gate was rebuilt in 1999.
In the stone tablet pavilion built in early Qing Dynasty, we can see an inscription by Emperor Kang Xi, the second emperor of Qing Dynasty, "Running the state as prosperously as Tang and Song Dynasties". Since Qing rulers were Manchurians, Emperor Kangxi was worried that the Han people wouldn"t follow him. This stone tablet indicated Emperor Kang Xi"s desire to be peaceful with the Hans. He made 6 trips down to southern China from Beijing and visited Ming Tomb for 5 times. This tablet was erected here in 1699 during his third visit. We can tell from this tablet that Emperor Kang Xi was no wonder a great emperor.
The tomb is at the foot of Purple Mountain. It has not been excavated because of the technical reasons of preservation.
The tomb site was selected by Zhu Yuanzhang himself. However there had been a Buddhist temple here. Zhu Yuangzhang paced up and down and looked upset each time when he was here. The wise abbot in the temple felt it and suggested to the emperor that the temple should be moved because his teacher told him so in his dream. The emperor was happy when he heard this and had the temple rebuilt to the east of his tomb.
Linggu Temple
Now we are on the way to the Linggu Temple Park. On our right there is a fishing terrace with beige glazed tiles built in 1937. It was a monument to Dr. Sun Yatsen from the National Military Academy, which was founded by Dr. Sun Yatsen in 1924.
Linggu Temple lies about one and a half kilometers to the east of Dr. Sun Yatsen "s Mausoleum. It was called Jiangshan Temple in the ancient times and its original site was in Dulongfu at the foot of the Purple Mountain. However, in the early days of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang chose that place to build his tomb, thus the temple had to be moved and rebuilt at the present site and was renamed as the Linggu Temple with an inscription "The First Buddhist Forest " at the entrance to the mountain. Inside the entrance there is a secluded footpath with thousands of pine trees, verdant and luxuriant, so it is called the "Valley of Spirit Deep in Pines". It is one of the 48 attractions in Nanjing.
Inside the temple there is the Beamless Hall built in 1381 in the Ming dynasty. The hall, 53.8 meters long, 37.85 meters wide and 22 meters high, was built entirely of bricks and stones from top to bottom without a piece of wood. There are nine overlapping ridges and three dagobas decorating the top ridges. In size, the Beamless Hall stands first and foremost of its kind in China. It was built more than 200 years earlier than the other five of the same kind in the other areas: Xiangtong Temple at Wutai Mountain; Yongzuo Temple in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province; Wannian Temple on Ermei Mountain in Sichuan; Kaiyuan Temple in Shzhou and Longchang Temple in Jurong County. It far surpasses them all in solidity and magnificence. No wonder it is considered a masterpiece of Chinese stone-brick buildings. The difficulty involved in its construction and the complexity of techniques adopted testify the wisdom of the architectural technology of the time in China.
Beyond the Beamless Hall are the Wind-through-pines Pavilion and a nine-storeyed, over sixty-meter-high octagonal pagoda, with a corridor encircled by stone rails on each storey. Inside the pagoda a spiral staircase winds to the top through the nine stories. When one gets to the top story and gaze into the distance, one can get a view of the entire mausoleum area.
City Wall
The imposing city wall, as high as a five-story building, is the good impression of the visitors to Nanjing.
The building of the wall began in 1366, ordered by Zhu Yuanzhang who, two years later, founded the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). More than 200,000 people worked on the project and many of them died before the wall was completed in 1368.
The wall was 33.678 kilometers in circumference and 14.21 meters high on average. It was the longest city wall in the world and the city enclosed by it remained the world"s largest until the 17th century.
In order to guarantee the quality of the wall, Zhu Yuanzhang had tight control over the making of all bricks. The brick makers and the officials were responsible for overseeing the quality. In case a brick was found not up to the standard, all of them were supposed to be punished.
Different from the square-shaped city walls of most ancient Chinese cities, Nanjing"s wall followed the natural terrain and was built on a foundation of huge rocks. The bricks were cemented in with a mortar of lime mixed with tung oil and glutinous rice gruel. Many parts of the wall are still in good condition.
The city wall has 24 gates, among which the Zhonghua (China) Gate, formerly called the Treasure Pot Gate, is the largest. Covering an area of 15,168 square meters, 20 meters high, the gate has 4 entrances with 4 doors. Behind the first conventional double panel wooden door, there are 3 other 23-centimeter-thick vertically sliding stone doors. The heavy stone doors are lifted and dropped with the help of a mechanical winch. If enemy troops broke through the first wooden door, they could be separated and trapped inside by the dropping of the other 3 stone doors. This strategy is known in China as "beating dogs behind a bolted door."
The first entrance is in a three-tier building in which 27 tunnels are built. These tunnels are big enough to accommodate more than 3,000 soldiers and store large quantity of food and ammunitions. On its both sides there are wide horse ramps. At the top, a rostrum allows a commanding view. Unfortunately, this rostrum and parts of the wall were destroyed by the Japanese during the Second World War.
Now the Nanjing Municipal Government plans to have part of the city wall repaired and some of the city gates renovated.
英文介绍(7)
PresentationGood afternoon,everyone! Now reflecting on the past one year of my college experience, I come to realize how much Hangzhou has shaped me.I gradually like here and want to live here after graduation.Give me two minutes,I believe you will fall in love with Hangzhou.
Hangzhou is one of the most important tourist venues in China.Every time when people talk about Hangzhou, they’ll come down to the West Lake. the West Lake covers an area of 6.38 square kilometers. Three sides of the lake are surrounded by verdant mountains and one side the prosperous city. centering around the West Lake, there are over 60 Chinese national, provincial and municipal cultural relic protection sites and over 100 scenic areas. Melting Snow Scene on the Broken Bridge, Leifeng Pagoda Silhouette adainst the Sunset,Spring Dawn at Su Causeway,Lotus Stirred by Breeze in Quyuan Garden.
Not only Hangzhou’s scenery is very beautiful ,but also food are very delicious.Hangzhou cuisine is one of the eight famous culinary arts in China. The fresh, tender, soft, and smooth dishes accompanied by its mellow fragrance(醇厚的香味) have won for itself widespread reputation in the culinary world. The local specialties include Beggar‘s Chicken(叫化鸡) (an entire chicken cooked in a ball of mud), West Lake Fish in Sweet Sour Source(西湖醋鱼) (vinegar coated fish from the lake), Dongpo Pork(东坡肉) (braised pork) and Fried Shrimpswith Longjing Tea Leaves (龙井虾仁), and many others.
Hearing here, ,I believe you must agree with my opinion about staying in Hangzhou , And you’ve fall in love with West lake and Hangzhou.
英文介绍(8)
More than 1 billion people live in India, a country in southern Asia. Only China has more people. The people of India speak more than 100 different languages.
Facts About India
Official name
Republic of India
Capital
New Delhi
Population
1,150,000,000 people
Rank among countries in population
2nd
Major cities
Kolkata (Calcutta), Delhi, Mumbai (Bombay)
Area
1,220,000 square miles
3,170,000 square kilometers
Rank among countries in area
7th
Highest point
Kanchenjunga
28,209 feet/8,598 meters
Currency
Indian rupee
CITIES AND VILLAGES
Kolkata (also spelled Calcutta) is India’s largest city. Mumbai (also called Bombay) is the country’s most populated urban area. They rank among the world’s largest cities, too. New Delhi is the capital of India.
More than 16 million people live in or near the port city of Mumbai. Mumbai is a center of trade and the center of India’s movie business. India makes about 800 movies a year, more than any other country in the world.
In spite of its large cities, India is primarily a country of villages. Most of India’s people make their living by farming. Many of them are extremely poor.
More and more people are moving from rural areas of India to cities. They hope to find better-paying jobs in the cities. India’s cities have become very crowded as a result.
A SUBCONTINENT
India is shaped like a triangle. It juts out from the bottom of Asia into the Indian Ocean. India is sometimes called a subcontinent. Is this because India is big? Not really. Six countries—including Russia, Canada, and the United States—are bigger.
India is a subcontinent because it is cut off from the rest of Asia. Mountains, jungles, and the Indian Ocean form barriers that make India a world apart—a subcontinent.
India’s neighbors Pakistan and Bangladesh also form part of the Indian subcontinent. These lands were once part of India.
A LAND OF CONTRASTS
The Indian subcontinent offers striking contrasts. The Himalayas, the world’s highest mountains, extend across northern India. Towns lie on the lower slopes, but few people live high in the mountains.
South of the mountains stretch broad plains. Two great rivers, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, flow through the plains. Tea grows on plantations to the east. The huge Thar Desert lies to the west.
A vast plateau lies south of the plains. Much of this region is rocky. The climate of the plateau is extremely hot. Every summer, winds called monsoons drop heavy rain on India.
JUNGLES AND WILDLIFE
The English language borrowed the word jungle from Hindi, the language spoken by most Indians. India’s jungles are home to many fascinating animals. Tigers, panthers, lions, cheetahs, snow leopards, monkeys, and elephants are all found in India. So is the poisonous cobra snake. India has many national parks and wildlife preserves where its animals can be seen.
TAJ MAHAL
The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, is considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world. An emperor built it after the death of his young wife. She died in 1631. Her tomb is inside.
The Taj Mahal is covered in white marble and set in a garden with pools of water. The garden represents paradise. The building is decorated with beautiful carvings and colored stones. Its color appears to change throughout the day as the sun moves across the sky.
RELIGION IN INDIA
Hinduism and Buddhism, two of the world’s major religions, were born in India. So were the Jain and Sikh religions. Most of India’s people are Hindus. Muslims—followers of Islam—are second in number.
Hindus worship in the many beautiful temples they have built in India. They also worship at home. Hindus worship all life. They do not kill animals, and they do not eat meat.
Muslims also have built many beautiful buildings, including the Taj Mahal. Hindus and Muslims have not always gotten along. Muslim invaders brought Islam to India. For centuries, Muslims ruled a largely Hindu country.
A BRITISH COLONY
During the 1700s, Britain gained control of India. Many Indians began speaking English. British sports, such as cricket and badminton, became popular. But many British efforts to change Indian customs and traditions were far less popular.
MAHATMA GANDHI
Mohandas K. Gandhi was a Hindu who led India to independence from Britain. Gandhi’s followers called him Mahatma, which means “great soul.”
Gandhi taught people to work for independence without using violence. Thanks to his efforts, India gained its independence in 1947. Gandhi’s policy of nonviolence influenced many other people. In the United States, Martin Luther King, Jr., used Gandhi’s idea of nonviolent protests to gain civil rights for black Americans.
AFTER INDEPENDENCE
When India gained its independence, it split apart. The parts of India that were primarily Muslim became the country of Pakistan. Pakistan was made up of two parts, one to the east of India and the other to the west. In 1971, East Pakistan became a separate country called Bangladesh.
英文介绍(9)
The high Eiffel Tower, the colorful streets, the beautiful river Seine, the glorious palaces, the romantic people, the old history … Paris is a great place to all people in the world.
高耸入云的埃菲尔铁塔，流光溢彩的街道，美丽的塞纳河，金璧辉煌的宫殿，浪漫的民族，源远流长的历史…这就是巴黎
As the capital of France, Paris is a modern city with a long and rich history. So many events took place here and there are so many places for the visitors to have a trip.
作为法国的首都，巴黎是一座古老而又现代的城市。这里发生了太多的历史事件，这里有那么多的地方让你流连忘返。
The Triumphal Arch(凯旋门)
was finished in 1836. It’s a world famous building, too.
The Eiffel Tower(埃菲尔铁塔), which is 320 meters high, is the symbol of Paris. It was completed in 1889.
320米高的埃费尔铁塔是巴黎的标志。它建于1889年
埃菲尔铁塔
The Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel, [tuʁ ɛfɛl], nickname La dame de fer, the iron lady) is a puddle iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest building in Paris[10] and the most-visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. Named for its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World"s Fair.
The tower stands 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building. Upon its completion, it surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930; however, due to the addition in 1957 of the antenna, the tower is now taller than the Chrysler Building. Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in France after the 2004 Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors. Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift, to the first and second levels. The walk to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. The third and highest level is accessible only by elevator. Both the first and second levels feature restaurants.
The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.
凯旋门
The Arc de Triomphe (Arc de Triomphe de l"Étoile) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris. It stands in the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle (originally named Place de l"Étoile), at the western end of the Champs-Élysées.[1] There is a smaller arch, the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, which stands west of the Louvre. The Arc de Triomphe (in English: "Triumphal Arch") honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I.
The Arc de Triomphe is the linchpin of the historic axis (Axe historique) — a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route which goes from the courtyard of the Louvre, to the Grande Arche de la Défense. The monument was designed by Jean Chalgrin in 1806, and its iconographic program pitted heroically nude French youths against bearded Germanic warriors in chain mail. It set the tone for public monuments, with triumphant patriotic messages.
The monument stands 50 metres (164 ft) in height, 45 m (148 ft) wide and 22 m (72 ft) deep. The large vault is 29.19 m (95.8 ft) high and 14.62 m (48.0 ft) wide. The small vault is 18.68 m (61.3 ft) high and 8.44 m (27.7 ft) wide. It is the second largest triumphal arch in existence (after Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang). Its design was inspired by the Roman Arch of Titus. The Arc de Triomphe is so colossal that three weeks after the Paris victory parade in 1919, marking the end of hostilities in World War I, Charles Godefroy flew his Nieuport biplane through it, with the event captured on newsreel.
旅游：France is the most visited country in the world. It has everything that you could ever want to see on your holidays: a great city like Paris, good beaches, more monuments than any other country, lovely nature, incredible mountain scenery; need I go on? France is also a very pleasant place to stay. It has good food, great wines and people enjoy their lives. And the best thing is, maybe apart from Paris, living in France does not have to be expensive. The North
of France consists of the flatlands around the
town of Lille and the Channel. The area will remind visitors in many ways of Belgium and the Netherlands. The Grand" Place in Lille for example is a lot like that of Brussels.
Paris, the city of light and its surroundings are one of the most visited areas. Paris is without a doubt one of the most beautiful cities on the planet. FRANCE TRAVEL INFO
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West of France is turned towards the Atlantic Coast. In the north Normandy & Brittany have rolling hills, sandy beaches and quiet little harbour towns. Normandy & Brittany have a more rugged coast and many neolithic sites. It has quite a distinct atmosphere from the rest of the country; you can still sense the Celtic origin of the region and its inhabitants.
The eastern part of France consists of the Alsace, Lorraine, Franche Comt?and Burgundy regions. The landscape has rolling hills and many beautiful cities, such as Metz, Strasbourg, Nancy and Dijon. This region produces many famous wines, including magnificent pinot noirs and chardonnays valued the world over, as well as the famous "Yellow wine" from the Jura mountain vineyard.
The Center of France is in many ways the most quiet part of France. But the great treasure of this region is the Loire valley , with many great castles and beautiful towns. Chartres with its famous cathedral and Tours rate among the most beautiful French cities.
The Alps are great for skiing in winter and hiking in summer. Albertville, Grenoble and Chamonix have all hosted the Olympic games. But the Alps also have nice towns to visit, such as Chamb閞y, Annecy or Grenoble .
The South with its lovely nature, good food, roman ruins and of course the Riviera draws a lot of visitors every year. Towns like Orange, and Arles but also big cities like Marseille and Toulon are must sees. The Provence is dotted with pleasant small villages. In the South west of France the Dordogne is one of the most quintessential French regions. The valley is so pretty, the towns are so cute and the food is so good, that it is hard to believe that the people who live here go somewhere else for their holidays. The Languedoc has its own language and culture. In the south of the Languedoc you find the Pyrenees, a great mountain range separating France from Spain, where you can hike and ski. The towns of Toulouse and Montpellier are nice and the medieval town of Carcassone is a top destination.
美食French Food
French cuisine is extremely diverse, with only the Chinese having similar variety in their food. This variety is supported by the French passion for good food in all its forms, France"s extraordinary range of different geographies and climates which support the local production of all types of ingredients, and France"s long and varied history. In many ways, an understanding of the culture of French food is an understanding of France itself.
Meals range from the very basic, such as the traditional baguette plus cheese plus inexpensive wine, to very elaborate affairs than can involve a dozen courses and different wines consumed over several hours. Obviously, the latter type of dining is exceptional for most people. However, it is this more sophisticated dining which is typically found in "French restaurants" outside France, giving many foreigners the mistaken impression that French food is heavy and complicated. In fact, much of the French cuisine is fairly simple, relying on high quality fresh ingredients and loving preparation rather than complex recipes.
It is common in much of France to take a two hour break for lunch, with many working parents (particularly in villages and smaller towns) returning home for lunch. In some areas, mainly in the south of France, even longer lunch breaks are taken. Due to the long lunch break, businesses which close for this period typically reopen around 2PM or so and then stay open until about 7PM.
英文介绍(10)
My name is Lixiaofei my english name is RICK，I come from HUBEI province. The major in college is computer science and technology. Now I work in an information technology company for technical support .
In my spare time I like playing badminton、basketball, watching movies. sports can exercise my body, Let me be more healthy. Watching movies can make me relaxed and Let me experience something different。
I hope that through this simple introduction, you can remember my name ，remember my face and I believe that we will become friends in the future。
ok .That"s a little about myself，thank you！
各位早上好，很高兴在这里介绍自己。
我叫李小飞、英文名RICK。来自湖北，大学时学习的专业是计算机科学与技术。目前就职一家信息技术公司从事技术支持方面的工作。
在我的业余时间，我喜欢打羽毛球、篮球，看电影。运动可以锻炼我的身体，让我有更多的毅力。看电影可以让我放松，去体验不一样的境界。
我希望通过这个简单的介绍，更多的人能认识我、记住我。也同样相信我们未来会成为朋友。
好，这就是关于我的简单介绍。谢谢。
